Optimizing Flight Parameters for Pesticide Application Using Unmanned Aerial Application Systems (UAAS) in Vegetable Production

Abstract

Unmanned aerial application systems (UAAS) are emerging as an alternative technology for precision pesticide applications, addressing challenges in spray coverage and efficiency, particularly in crops with dense canopies such as tomatoes. This research aimed to optimize UAAS flight parameters by evaluating the effects of flight speed, droplet size, and application volume on spray deposition. Field trials assessed coverage, droplet density, deposition, and swath uniformity across different application settings and canopy positions. Results indicate that slower flight speeds (4 m/s) and higher application volumes (28 L/ha) increased coverage and droplet density, while optimal swath uniformity was achieved at 7.93 m/s with 350 μm droplets. In tomato trials, finer droplets improved deposition in the lower canopy, whereas medium-sized droplets maintained uniform distribution. Findings highlight the importance of adjusting UAAS parameters for improved efficiency and targeted applications, contributing to sustainable pest management in specialty crops.